View source for Manual:Short URL/it

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{{Hatnote|1=<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This article is about URL structure.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">For creating short URLs for articles, see {{ll|Extension:ShortUrl}}.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">For creating a URL shortening service, see {{ll|Extension:UrlShortener}}.</span>}}
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'''URL brevi''' o gli '''URL riscritti''' nascondono le estensioni del file php dall'indirizzo della pagina. 
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Please take a few minutes to devise a stable URL structure for your website before getting started, to reduce problems later.</span>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
== Introduction ==
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<span id="Goal"></span>
=== Scopi ===

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The default MediaWiki installation path looks like this:
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: <code>/var/www/html/mediawiki</code> ''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(installed as root user)</span>''
: <code>/home/johndoe/public_html/mediawiki</code> ''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(installed with a shared hosting provider)</span>''

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MediaWiki's default page addresses looks like these examples:
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: <code><nowiki>https://example.org/w/index.php/Page_title</nowiki></code> ''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(recent versions of MediaWiki, without [[w:Common Gateway Interface|CGI]] support)</span>''
: <code><nowiki>https://example.org/w/index.php?title=Page_title</nowiki></code> ''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(recent versions of MediaWiki, with CGI support)</span>''

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Using the methods outlined on this page, we can configure something like this:
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: <code><nowiki>https://example.org/wiki/Page_title</nowiki></code> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is the most common configuration, same as on Wikipedia, though not the default because it requires server-side modifications</span>
: <code><nowiki>https://example.org/view/Page_title</nowiki></code>
: <code><nowiki>https://wiki.example.org/view/Page_title</nowiki></code>
: <code><nowiki>https://example.org/Page_title</nowiki></code> 
: <code><nowiki>https://wiki.example.org/Page_title</nowiki></code> 

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Some people do not recommend the last two configurations.</span>
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See {{ll|Manual:Wiki in site root directory}} for potential problems and solutions.</span>

<span id="Advantages_&amp;_disadvantages"></span>
=== Vantaggi & svantaggi ===

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* '''Advantage''': Short URLs hide some technical details from end-users, which can be desirable for site owners. Among other things, this means they can be kept stable when the underlying software changes.
</div> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(See above for the difference between MediaWiki's default URL structure with CGI enabled vs without.)</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">They are also easier to read, remember, and manipulate for visitors.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Additionally, short URLs offer an advantage over the default URLs for [[w:Search engine optimization]], as URLs containing <code>?</code> can be treated less favorably by search engines when calculating page rank.</span>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
* '''Disadvantage''': Requires configuration, so, depending on the hosting environment you are using, it might be difficult to recreate.
</div> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, as every widely used webserver is capable of being configured to use short URLs, most paid web hosting services should support this feature. Any host that doesn't offer you this feature is not worth your money.</span>

<span id="Guides"></span>
== Guide ==
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Our official guides for short URL configuration for different web servers.</span> 
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Pick your web server's configuration from this list.</span> 
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">If you don't know what server software you are using, then it is most likely Apache.</span>

* {{ll|Manual:Short URL/Apache|Apache}} (<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">or</span> LiteSpeed)
* {{ll|Manual:Short URL/Nginx|nginx}}

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== Other how-to mini-guides ==
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:''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">These guides are old and are almost entirely bad advice.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">These will eventually be deleted one by one as our official guides above are created for different webservers.</span>''
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Anyone is welcome to create a how-to solution page and list it below.</span> 
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Please use a sensible name for the page, one that fits in with the below names.</span> 
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When each unique solution has its own page, readers can skip complexity they do not want.</span> 
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Keep it simple, readable, short, with a separate page per separate solution.</span>

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'''To help others find out which Short URL methods really work, after trying each method please edit the page and increase the "worked" or "didn't_work" numbers for that guide and make a brief (or long, your choice) description on what went wrong by clicking the link on your number.'''
</div>

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=== URL like - example.com/wiki/Page_title ===
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{{Note|1=<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Actions such as edit, view history, etc. will still have index.php unless {{ll|Manual:$wgActionPaths|$wgActionPaths}} are defined.</span>}}

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==== Root access ====
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<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">These methods require that you have access to the server configuration.</span> 
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">If you are on a shared host, you most likely don't.</span> 
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">In this case you will be required to use a method that requires "no root access".</span> 
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can jump directly to the [https://shorturls.redwerks.org/ MediaWiki ShortURL Builder tool] and follow the on-screen instructions.</span>
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Select "I don't have root access" after entering your wiki's URL.</span>

{{guide |name=wiki/Page title -- Lighttpd rewrite--root access  |show=wiki/Page title -- Lighttpd rewrite--root access  |worked=3  |didn't_work=0 }}
{{guide |name=wiki/Page title -- Cherokee rewrite--root access  |show=wiki/Page title -- Cherokee rewrite--root access  |worked=1 |didn't_work=0}}
{{guide |name=IIS8.5 |worked=2 |didn't_work=1}}
{{guide |name=Abyss|Abyss Web Server X2}}

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(for Apache guidance, see the link in the [[#Guides|Guides]] section).
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{{anchor|URL like}}
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=== URL like - example.com/Page_title ===
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{{wiki-in-docroot}}

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How to create <code>example.com/Page_title</code> URLs:
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{{guide |name=Page title - nginx, Root Access, PHP as a CGI module        |show=Page title - nginx, Root Access, PHP as a CGI module        |worked=6 |didn't_work=}}
{{guide |name=Page title -- Windows & Apache without 403 on Special Pages |show=Page title -- Windows & Apache without 403 on Special Pages |worked=3 |didn't_work=}}

{{anchor|URL like subdomain}}
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=== URL like - wiki.example.com/Page_title ===
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{{wiki-in-docroot}}

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How to create <code>wiki.example.com/Page_title</code> URLs:
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{{guide |name=wiki.example.com/Page_title--Subdomain using Lighttpd |show=wiki.example.com/Page_title--Subdomain using Lighttpd |worked=0 |didn't_work=0 }}

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== Troubleshooting ==
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=== Ampersand (&) problem ===
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<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The ampersand problem shows up when you have page titles with symbols in them (such as &, ?, #, + and /) which, despite being correctly encoded in the link, are not being passed correctly from mod_rewrite to the script.</span>
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This manifests in 404 page-not-found errors, because the title gets cut off at the special character.</span>
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">For example, clicking on a link to "John & Maria's page" gets a 404, because MediaWiki is looking for a page named "John ".</span>

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is because ampersands in long-form names are treated as [[w:Query string|query string]] separators, and would never reach the PHP [[w:Run time (program lifecycle phase)|runtime environment]].</span>
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is caused by an old and problematic mod_rewrite bug.<ref>[https://bz.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=34602 Bugzilla mod_rewrite for ampersand bug], partially resolved for some users, but only after 13 years</ref></span>

'''Soluzioni:'''

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This issue is caused by the <code>?title=$1</code> portion of rewrite rules like <code>/index.php?title=$1</code> which is completely unnecessary and harmful.</span>
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">MediaWiki parses paths directly from the REQUEST_URI, so rewrite everything to /index.php.</span>

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=== Purging cache ===
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If you notice that your changes to <code>$wgArticlePath</code> in LocalSettings.php are not being reflected in mysite.com/wiki/Main_Page, it may be due to MediaWiki's caching of the links according to previous settings.
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Go to mysite.com/wiki/Main_Page?action=purge to force MediaWiki to regenerate the cached links.
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Also you can:
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# execute the MySQL query "TRUNCATE objectcache;", or
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# Ensure {{wg|CacheEpoch}} is updated (if {{wg|InvalidateCacheOnLocalSettingsChange}} is enabled, all you have to do is edit {{ll|Manual:LocalSettings.php|LocalSettings.php}} to purge it)
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== Redirect visitor of your domain to your wiki ==
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Our official guides for short url configuration include recommendations on how to point the root of your site to your wiki using your short url config.
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For example our [[Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Short URL/Apache|Apache guide]] recommends using this to point your site root to your wiki:
</div>

<syntaxhighlight lang="apache">
RewriteRule ^/*$ %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/w/index.php [L]
</syntaxhighlight>

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Note that we do '''not''' recommend doing a HTTP redirect to your wiki path or main page directly.</span>
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">As redirecting to the main page directly will hard-code variable parts of your wiki's page setup into your server config.</span>
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">And redirecting to the wiki path will result in two redirects.</span>
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Simply rewrite the root path to MediaWiki and it will take care of the 301 redirect to the main page itself.</span>

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If using VirtualHosts, place the rewrite rules into the virtual host declaration!
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== Moving a wiki from /wiki to /w ==
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<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">A common beginner's mistake is to install MediaWiki itself (the source code, not the short URL) in <code>/wiki</code> instead of <code>/w</code>.</span>
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Once installed they would realize the mistake when trying to configure Short URLs (which would become difficult as the virtual path then conflicts with the real path).</span>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
There is a manual for [[Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Moving a wiki|moving a wiki]] in general, however that is too complicated if all you need is to change the installation directory (and stay on the same server, same database and same hostname).
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Here is what you have to do:
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* Backup <code>LocalSettings.php</code> and any other config files you may have created (such as your <code>.htaccess</code>).
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* Rename the installation directory of MediaWiki on your server from <code>/wiki</code> to <code>/w</code>.
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* Set <code>$wgScriptPath</code> in <code>LocalSettings.php</code> to <code>"/w"</code> and remove (or comment out) any definition of <code>$wgArticlePath</code> (this variable will be changed again when setting up Short URLs, further on)
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* At this point your wiki should be working normally at <code>example.org/w</code>
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* Now go through [[#Guides|the regular guide]] to set up short URLs
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* Perform a few tests on your wiki to make sure nothing is broken.
</div> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Edit a page, visit a few different pages, etc.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">If anything seems abnormal, revert the changes by restoring your backup of <code>LocalSettings.php</code> and other relevant files you might have changed during configuration of short URLs and rename your folder back to <code>/wiki</code>.</span>

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''Note for shared hosting users:''' Many shared hosting plans offer an application manager to automatically Install, Update and Backup applications such as MediaWiki.</span> 
<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">If your plan has this and if you want to keep using these features, you should contact their tech support and let them know you just manually changed your MediaWiki installation directory.</span>

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== Tricks ==
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{{guide |name=Prevent bots from crawling index.php |show=Prevent bots from crawling index.php |worked=0 |didn't_work=0 }}

<span id="See_also"></span>
== Vedi anche ==

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*[[w:Common Gateway Interface#Workarounds for scripting languages|Explanation of what CGI modules are]]
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*{{ll|Manual:$wgUsePathInfo|$wgUsePathInfo}} - <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">configuration setting that defines whether to use 'pretty' URLs or not</span>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki in site root directory|Notes on placing your wiki installation in site root directory]]
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*{{ll|Manual:$wgActionPaths|$wgActionPaths}} - <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">configuration setting that you can use to define 'pretty' URLs for other actions, like edit or history</span>
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* [[Special:MyLanguage/Requests for comment/Clean up URLs|Clean up URLs RFC]] - proposes "cleaner URLs for editing, previewing skins, etc."
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<span id="External_links"></span>
== Collegamenti esterni ==

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*[https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/mod_rewrite.html Apache Module mod_rewrite] - rewrite requested URLs on the fly
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
*[https://shorturls.redwerks.org/ MediaWiki Short URL Builder Tool] - ''A tool that can automatically generate a short url configuration more reliably than the configurations in these manual pages.''
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
* [https://www.nngroup.com/articles/url-as-ui/ URL as UI] by [[w:Jakob Nielsen|Jakob Nielsen]] on the importance of persistent, usable URLs.
</div>

<span id="References"></span>
== Riferimenti ==
<references/>
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[[Category:Configure{{#translation:}}|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Wiki page URLs{{#translation:}}|{{PAGENAME}}]]